My reading notes from the book

Table of Contents

Prelude

values are expressions
  42 
  # value and expression
  42 + 12
  # expression: objects with operators are not value
values and identity
  === operator
  !== operator
  are two objects identical?
    4 opts:
      1: different types
      2: same type different contents
      3: same type+content. no difference
        primitive values
      4: different ids
        reference types
        Array: [1,2]
        functions
        they are not identical even with same contents
        they are expressions but not values
          lisp: expressions are values too

Basic Numbers

literal:
  a notation for representing a fixed value 
  ex: integers, strings, booleans
    anonymous function is a literal for function type
  04
    octat literal
  internally 042 and 34 have same representation
    as double precision floating point
floating
  internal representation: binary
    some fractions base 10 don't have exact representations base 2
    ex: 
      1.0 # => 1
      0.1 # => 1
      0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 # => 0.3...4
  for monetary amounts: never use float
operations on numbers
  precedence of operators
  modulus: %
  unary negation: -
  -(5 % 3) # -2

Basic functions

functions are values
second simplest function
  () => 0
  (() => 0) # [Function]
  (() => 0)() # 0
comma operator
  takes two args, evals to the value of rh arg
    (1,2) # 2
simplest block
  a block has zero or more statements
    () => {} 
    (() => {})() # undefined
undefined
  its own type of vvalue
  acts like a value type
  single value
    every undefined is identical
    not like NULL in SQL
void
  void is an operator
  returns undefined
    void 0 # undefined
    void 1 # undefined
back on the block
  blocks contain statements
  what's a statement
    first kind: expression
      return undefined
    (() => {1})() # undefined
  block returns a value
    { return 0 }
    return statement
      not an expression
        (() => return 0) ()
        # error
functions that evaluate to functions
  () => () => 0

Arguments

(room) => {}
call by value
variables and bindings
  (x) => (y) => x
  when a function is invoked
    invoked: applied to arguments
    a new environment is created
    environment: a dictionary that maps variable to values by name
call by sharing
  value types vs. reference types
  what about reference types
    js places references to reference types in environments

Closures and Scope

how nested functions work?
  ((x) => (y) => x)(1)(2) # 1
the function: (y) => x
  it contains a free variable x
    a variable that is not bound within the function
pure functions:
  functions with no free variables
closures
  functions with free variables
pure functions: always mean the same thing
a pure function can contain a closure
  (x) => (y) => x
         |\closure/|
  |\pure function/|
environments
  environment for ((y) => x)(2)
    {y:2, '..': {x:1, ...}}
    '..' means parent, enclosure, super environment
  I Combinator (identity function)
    (x) => x
  K Combinator (Kestrel)
    (x) => (y) => x
  currying: 
    also called partial application
      calling with some of its args
shadowy variables
  using same names
    (x) =>
      (x,y) => x + y
  say: it shadows the parent environment's binding
chicken or egg
  global environment
  how to avoid this?
    (() => {
      ... // code here
    })()
  so no global state is shared

Coffee Craving

anonymous functions: functions without a name
ex:
  ((diameter) =>
    ((PI) =>
      diameter * PI(3.14)(2)
  # 6.28
this separates concerns nicely
  outer function: describes its parameters
    everything else is encapsulated
    naming PI is its concern, not ours
  but invoking functions is more expensive than evaluating expressions
const
  is a statement
  const PI = 3.14
  no cost of function invocation
multitple bindings per line
  const x = 3, y = 5
nested block
  if statement
    is not an expression
    its clauses are statements or blocks
const and lexical scope
rebinding
  not allowed for const bounded names
    only in a new environment (scope)

Naming functions

problem
  this does not name a function:  
    const repeat = (x) => x
  similar to this:
    const answer = 42
  this doesn't name number 42. 
  it binds an anonymous function to a name
    but the function remains anonymous
function keyword
  function(x) { return x }
  we have to use return since we use block
  naming
    const repeat = function r (..) {..}
    # r is the name of function
  but r is not the name we bind to the value of the function
    r: function's name
    repeat: name in the environment
    this is: named function expression
  think of binding names
    as properties of the environment 
    not of the function
  the name is a property:
    repeat.name # r
function declarations
  function declaration statement
    function someName () {
    ..
    }
  differences
    1. sıralama önemsiz. en tepede tanımlanmış sayılır
function declaration caveat

Combinators and Function Decorators

specific types of higher-order functions
combinators
  in mathematics
    a higher order function that uses function application and combinators 
  looser definition
    higher order pure functions
    that take only functions as arguments and return a function
  Compose combinator
    logic: B combinator
    impl:
      const compose = (a, b) =>
        (c) => a(b(c))
    ex:
      compose( double, addOne )
a balanced statement about combinators
  combinators use verbs 
  names are second to them
function decorators
  definition
    a higher order function 
    that takes one function, returns another function
    the returned function is a variation of argument function
  ex:
    const not = (fn) => (x) => !fn(x)
    usage:
      not(f)(42)
      const something = (x) => x != null
      const nothing = (x) => !something(x)
      const nothing = not(something)
  can be closures too

Building Blocks

usefulness of composition 
  %20 comes from using it
  %80 comes from organizing your code st you can use it
  ex: once, maybe
    you can use if statements
    but once and maybe compose
    ex:
      const invokeTransfer = once(maybe(actuallyTransfer(...)))
partial application
  supply some of the arguments
    get a function that represents part of our application
  ex:
    const squareAll = (array) => map(array, (n) => n * n)
    # map's second arg is applied
    # squareAll is still the map function
  abstract one level higher:
    const mapWith = (fn) =>
      (array) => map(array, fn)
    const squareAll = mapWith( (n) => n * n)
  partial application is orthogonal to composition
    const safeSquareAll = mapWith(maybe((n) => n * n))

Magic Names

when a function is called
  js binds values to some magic names 
  in addition to arguments
function keyword
  two rules
    1. for function keyword
    2. fat arrow functions
  magic names
    this
      bound to function's context
    arguments
      arguments[0]
      not an array
fat arrow
  acquires bindings for this and arguments
    from its enclosing scope

Recipes with Basic Functions

Partial Application“
  ex: applying an argument, leftmost or rightmost
    const callFirst = (fn, larg) =>
      function (...rest) {
        return fn.call(this, larg, ...rest);
      }
    const callLast = (fn, rarg) =>
      function (...rest) {
        return fn.call(this, ...rest, rarg);
      }
    const greet = (me, you) =>
      `Hello, ${you}, my name is ${me}`;
    const heliosSaysHello = callFirst(greet, 'Helios');
    heliosSaysHello('Eartha')
      //=> 'Hello, Eartha, my name is Helios'
    const sayHelloToCeline = callLast(greet, 'Celine');
    sayHelloToCeline('Eartha')
      //=> 'Hello, Celine, my name is Eartha”
  ex: multiple args
    const callLeft = (fn, ...args) =>
      (...remainingArgs) =>
        fn(...args, ...remainingArgs);
    const callRight = (fn, ...args) =>
      (...remainingArgs) =>
        fn(...remainingArgs, ...args);”
Unary
  takes any function
    turns it to take only one arg
  ex: map function
    map takes a function
      passes 3 args
        [1, 2, 3].map(function (element, index, arr)”
    we don't want to pass 3, just 1
    unary with parseInt“
      const unary = (fn) =>
        fn.length === 1
          ? fn
          : function (something) {
              return fn.call(this, something)
            }
      ['1', '2', '3'].map(unary(parseInt))
        //=> [1, 2, 3]”
Tap
  K combinator:
    const K = (x) => <y) => x
  an application:
    sideffects
    but keep the value around
  ex
    const tap = (value) =>
      (fn) => (
        typeof(fn) === 'function' && fn(value),
        value
      )
Maybe
Once
Left-Variadic Functions
Compose and Pipeline